Daily routine. Revision

丁云的一天

丁云是英语系的学生。
Dīng Yún shì yīngyǔ xì de xuésheng.
她从北京来这儿学习。
Тā cóng Běijīng lái zhèr xuéxí.
英语系有五个中国留学生。
Yīngyǔ xì yǒu wǔge Zhōngguó liúxuéshēng.
他们都在学生宿舍住。
Tāmen dōu zài xuésheng sùshè zhù.

丁云每天六点一刻起床。
Dīng Yún měi tiān liùdiǎn yíkè qǐ chuáng.
起床以后、她学习俄语和英语。
Qǐ chuáng yǐhòu, tā xuéxí éyǔ hé yīngyǔ.
七点半她坐车去学院。
Qīdiǎn bàn tā zuò chē qù xuéyuàn.
每天上午她都有课。
Měi tiān shàngwǔ tā dōu yǒu kè.
他们八点上课、十一点五十分下课。
Tāmen bādiǎn shàng kè, shíyīdiǎn wǔshífēn xià kè.

下课以后、丁云去食堂吃饭。
Xià kè yǐhòu, Dīng Yún qù shítáng chī fàn.
那是学生食堂、她在那儿认识很多朋友。
Nà shì xuésheng shítáng, tā zài nàr rènshi hěn duō péngyou.

下午丁云没有课、她回宿舍休息。
Xiàwǔ Dīng Yún méi yǒu kè, tā huí sùshè xiūxi.
三点她去阅览室看画报和杂志。
Sāndiǎn tā qù yuèlǎnshì kàn huàbào hé zázhì.
有时候她去朋友家、跟朋友说俄语、
Yǒu shíhou tā qù péngyou jiā, gēn péngyou shuō éyǔ,
有时候她去老师那儿问问题。
yǒu shíhou tā qù lǎoshī nàr wèn wèntí.
朋友们也常常来看她。
Péngyoumen yě chángcháng lái kàn tā.

晚上丁云在宿舍学习。
Wǎnshang Dīng Yún zài sùshè xuéxí.
有时候她跟朋友们去看电影、
Yǒu shíhou tā gēn péngyoumen qù kàn diànyǐng,
有时候给爸爸、妈妈和朋友写信。
yǒu shíhou gěi bàba, māma hé péngyou xiě xìn.
她十一点睡觉。
Тā shíyīdiǎn shuì jiào.

Notes

1. “丁云每天六点一刻起床。” — “Ding Yun gets up every day at 6:15”.

   When qualified by the noun usually takes a measure word before it, as in “每个学生” or “每本书” etc. But the noun “天”, when preceded by “每”, doesn’t need a measure word inserted in between, as in “每天”. “天” “day” is an exception here. Another exception is “年” “year”.

   The word “每” is often accompanied in the predicate of the sentence by a word or phrase denoting quantity or by the adverb “都”, for example:

   “每天上午她都有̣课。”

   Every day in the morning she has classes.

   The adverb 都 in this case means “always” because it summarizes not the subjects (here only one — 她), but the adverbial modifier of time “每天上午”.

   The measure word 堂 (táng) can be used with the noun 课 — “lesson” (class). For example:

   “下午我还有一堂课。”

   In the afternoon I have one more lesson.

   Unlike this, textbook lessons don’t have measure words in all cases:

   “我们请张老师介绍这一课的语法。”		We asked teacher Zhang to explain the grammar of this lesson.
   “你们现在看第18课。” (第 dì is the characteristic of an ordinal numeral)		You are now reading the 18th lesson.

2. “她在那儿认识很多新朋友。” — “She met many new friends there.”

   When used attributively, the adjective “多” (or “少”) is usually preceded by such an adverb as “很” etc. Instead of “多朋友” we practically always say “很多(的)朋友”. “的” after “很多” may be omitted. The adverb “很” in the indicated position usually (if not emphasized) loses its lexical meaning “very” (“very friends”, and not “too many friends”).

Tone combinations.
(for words of lessons 13-18)

Talk about these pictures

1. Getting acquainted with each other

   

   我介绍一下儿、
   这是……

   

   你叫什么名字？
   你是哪国人？
   你在哪儿工作？

2. Talking about your family

   

   这是谁？
   他是不是你哥哥？
   他做什么工作？
   你家有几口人？
   你有没有孩子？
   你有几个孩子？

3. Sending regards

   你忙不忙？
   问……好
   ……问你好

   

4. Talking about the institute

   你们学院有几个系？
   你们系有多少学生？
   谁教你们语法？
   你们下午有课吗？

   

5. Asking where someone is going

   你从哪儿来？
   你去哪儿？
   你坐车去吗？
   你跟谁一起去？

   

6. Talking about an article

   这件衬衫是你的吗？
   哪件衬衫是你的？
   你的衬衫是不是绿的？
   你的衬衫是新的吗？

   

7. Asking the time, and making a suggestion

   现在几点？
   你几点吃饭？
   下午你有事儿吗？
   我们去书店、好吗？
   太好了。

   

A Brief Summary of Grammar

❶ The subject, predicate, object, attributive and adverbial adjunct

A Chinese sentence is made up of two parts: the subject and the predicate.

The main element of the subject is usually a noun or a pronoun while the main element of the predicate is a verb or an adjective etc. The subject normally precedes the predicate. E.g.

这本书̣是新的。

丁̣云̣去商店。

你̣好！

In a conversation, the subject is often omitted. E.g.

你几点下课？
(我̣)四点一刻下课。

The predicate can also be omitted if the context or situation leaves no room for misunderstanding. E.g.:

— 你好吗？
— 我很好、你呢？

The object, which may fee either a noun or a pronoun, forms part of the predicate and usually follows the predicative verb. A number of verbs may have two objects. E.g.:

我有一个哥̣哥̣。
我认识他̣。

Some verbs being part of the predicate may take two objects.. For example:

王老师教我̣们̣汉̣语̣。

我还他̣画̣报̣。

你告诉她̣你̣的̣名̣字̣。

An attributive is mainly used to qualify a noun and is placed before the noun it qualifies. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numeral-measure words etc. may all function as attributives.

An adverbial adjunct is mainly used to qualify a verb or an adjective. Adverbs, adjectives, nouns and prepositional constructions etc. may all function as adverbial adjuncts. Adverbial adjuncts regularly precede the words they qualify instead of coming after them. E.g.

我很̣好。

他们都̣学习汉语。

上午我们没̣有课。

我朋友从̣北̣京̣来。

❷ Attributives and the structural particle “的” (1):

1. When used attributively to show possession, a noun usually takes “的”. “的” after it. E.g.:

妈妈的̣车

图书馆的̣书

When a noun is used attributively to indicate the characteristic or quality of the object denoted by the word it qualifies, it usually doesn’t take “的” after it, for example:

2. When used attributively to show possession, a personal pronoun usually takes “的” after it. E.g.:

But if the word that the personal pronoun modifies refers to a family relation or a unit to which the person denoted by the pronoun belongs, the personal pronoun usually does not take “的” after it. E.g.:

3. When used attributively, a numeral-measure word (or a demonstrative pronoun together with a measure word) usually takes no “的” after it. E.g.:

4. When used attributively a monosyllabic adjective usually takes no “的” after it. E.g.:

5. An adjective construction, when used attributively, must take “的” after it, e.g. “很好的朋友”. The adjective “多” and “少” when used attributively, usually has an adverb before it but doesn’t take “的” after it, e.g. “很多朋友”.

Exercises

1. Supply each of the following verbs with one or two (direct and indirect) objects, then make a sentence with the verb:

   (1) 等、说、写、看、认 识、在、买、有、找、学 习、坐。

   (2) 问、还、教、给、告 诉、起、穿、回、去、用、介 绍。

2. Answer the following questions:

   1. 你每天几点起床？
      
   2. 起床以后你做什么？
      
   3. 你每天上午都有课吗？
      
   4. 你每天上午几点上课？
      
   5. 你每天都坐车去学院吗？
      
   6. 你每天都在食堂吃饭吗？
      
   7. 你每天下午都在宿舍吗？
      
   8. 你每天都去图书馆吗？
      
   9. 你常常去咖啡馆吗？
      
   10. 每天晚上你都看电影吗？
       
   11. 晚上你常常做什么？
       
   12. 你每天几点睡觉？
       

3. Fill in each blank with all the three words or phrases given in brackets in turn, adding the structural particle “的” where necessary. Check yourself with the audio file then.

   (1) 这是//杂志。 （我；中文；阅览室）
   (2) 我有//朋友。 （一个；很多；中国）
   (3) 她穿//裙子吗？ （蓝；她姐姐；旧）
   (4) 我哥哥下午去买//票。 （四张；京剧；八点钟）
   (5) 我常常看//书。 （语法；新；我们老师）

4. Put in an appropriate measure word in each of the following sentences (“个”, “张”, “家”, “件”, “本”, “条”). Check yourself with the audio file.

   (1) 我哥哥给我一 个 张 家 件 本 条 语法书。
   (2) 那 个 张 家 件 本 条 孩子是他姐姐的。
   (3) 我朋友不常去这 个 张 家 件 本 条 食堂吃饭。
   (4) 这 个 张 家 件 本 条 衬衫不是新的。
   (5) 你去哪 个 张 家 件 本 条 银行？
   (6) 每 个 张 家 件 本 条 学生都有词典吗？
   (7) 那是一 个 张 家 件 本 条 北京地图。
   (8) 我问王老师两 个 张 家 件 本 条 问题。
   (9) 她不穿那 个 张 家 件 本 条 绿裙子。
   (10) 这课有几 个 张 家 件 本 条 新汉字？

5. Complete the following dialogues with the appropriate phrases from the list given: “对了”, “好啊”, “问…好”, “谢谢你”, “我们认识一下儿”, “太好了”.

   (1)

   A:

   他给你这本书。

   B:

   (2)

   A:

   王先生问你好。

   B:

   (3)

   A:

   我们走路去、好吗？

   B:

   (4)

   A:

   B:

   我叫谢明、我是留学生。

   (5)

   A:

   你是法国人吗？

   B:

   (6)

   A:

   晚上我们去看中国电影、这是两张票。

   B:

6. Restore the sentences made of the words given.

   1. 汉语、我、在、学习、朋友、北京。
      
   2. 谁、你、语法、教。
      
   3. 安德烈、来、她、从、那儿。
      
   4. 常常、信、给、写、你、他、吗。
      
   5. 跟、汉语、丁云、学习、玛沙。
      
   
   6. 词典、几本、有、你、汉语。
      
   7. 认识、认识、大夫、那个、你、不。
      
   8. 好、的、很、他们、朋友、是。
      
   9. 留学生、多、中国、有、班、很、我们。
      
   10. 他、是、新、的、车、的。
       
   
   11. 杂志、没有、图书馆、中文。
       
   12. 上课、点、每天、他、八。
       
   13. 用、信、中文、写、她、常常。
       
   14. 去、看、朋友、我、的、宿舍、我。
       
   15. 有、课、你、上午、堂、几。
       
   

Контрольные упражнения

Write the following sentences in Chinese characters adding tone marks above them:

1. Nǐ měitiān jǐdiǎn qǐ chuáng, jǐdiǎn shuì jiào? — Wǒ qīdiǎnbàn qǐ chuáng, wǎnshang shíyīdiǎn yǐhòu shuì jiào. — Shuì jiào yǐqián nǐ zuò shénme? — Yǒu shíhou kàn diànyǐng, yǒu shíhou kàn shū.
2. Nǐ měitiān dōu yǒu kè ma? — Měitiān dōu yǒu kè. — Jǐdiǎn shàng kè? — Shàngwǔ bādiǎnbàn. — Xiàwǔ yě yǒu kè ma? — Xiàwǔ liǎngdiǎn yǐhòu wǒ dōu yǒu kè. — Nà nǐ zài nǎr chī fàn? — Yǒu shíhou zài xuésheng shítáng, yǒu shíhou huí jiā yǐhòu gēn bàba māma yìqǐ chī fàn.
3. Wǒ rènshi yíge Zhōngguó liúxuéshēng, tā cóng Běijīng lái zhèr xuéxí. Тā xìng Xiè, jiào Xiè Yīng. Тā xuéxí éyǔ hé fǎyǔ, hái shuō yīngyǔ. Xiè Yīng měitiān dōu liùdiǎn qǐ chuáng, qǐ chuáng yǐhòu zuò chē qù xuéyuàn shàng kè. Tā měitiān shàngwǔ dōu yǒu kè, yǒu shíhou xiàwǔ yě yǒu kè. Xià kè yǐhòu Xiè Yīng huí sùshè xiūxi.
   Wǎnshang wǒ chángcháng qù kàn tā. Wǒmen shuō hànyǔ, tā bāngzhù wǒ xuéxí kǒuyǔ. Wǒ yě bāngzhù tā shuō éyǔ, yǒu shíhou wǒmen hái shuō yīngyǔ. Wǒ cháng gěi tā jièshào xīn bàozhǐ hé zázhì. Xiūxide shíhou wǒmen yìqǐ kàn Éluósī hé Zhōngguó diànyǐng. Tā gàosu wǒ, tā hěn xiǎng jiā, měitiān wǎnshang dōu gěi bàba māma hé péngyou xiě xìn.

Write the following word combinations and sentences in Chinese characters and pinyin, lay tone marks:

“Běijīng” 饭店; “上海” 饭店; huí guó de shíhou; qù 美国 de shíhou; 啤酒 de shíhou; qǐ chuáng yǐhòu hē 牛奶; shuìjiào yǐqián hē 牛奶; zhù 医院 de shíhou; cóng 欧洲 huí Běijīngde shíhou; 问候王经理; wèn nǐ 太太 hǎo; zhù “Běijīng” 饭店.

③ Exercise on reading and understanding unfamiliar words, made of the characters you know:

后天；前天；中午；午饭；晚饭；时刻；睡衣；好吃；饭馆；饭店；休息室；问候；候车室。

Translate the following sentences from English into Chinese:

1. Every day she gets up at half past six. Her classes start at eight o'clock. She comes back home at noon to eat.
   
2. In the afternoon I’m sometimes at home, sometimes I go to the reading room.
   
3. He writes Chinese characters every day.
   
4. — What time do you go to sleep?
   — Sometimes at eleven o’clock, sometimes at twelve o’clock.
   
5. After classes, I’ll be writing a letter to the elder brother, I have English at three o’clock.
   
6. After classes we often ask teacher Li many questions, ask him to tell us about China.
   
7. He told me that he has many friends in China. He often talks with them in Chinese.
   
8. Every day at a quarter past eight, he goes by bus to the institute to give classes.
   
9. — How many departments in your institute?
   — Three: Department of English Language, Department of French Language and Department of Chinese Language.
   — What department do you study at?
   — I study at the Department of Chinese Language.
   
10. — Is your shirt blue?
    — No, my shirt is green, that blue one is my younger brother’s.
    
11. — Who are you waiting for?
    — I’m waiting for my friend. We are going together to a seven hours movie.
    
12. He is going to Beijing by car tomorrow. Will you go together with him?
    
13. — How many Chinese characters do you know?
    — Ninety.
    
14. Tonight I wear the green skirt, not the black one. The green skirt is new and very good-looking .
    
15. Sometimes the teacher explains us grammar in Chinese.
    
16. We finish classes in the afternoon. Will you go to the café with me (together)?
    
17. Before going home, I’ll go to the reading room to read new French newspapers and magazines.
    
18. — Where is my copybook?
    — At teacher Wang’s. My copybooks is also there.
    
19. — Are you at home every evening?
    — In the evening after work, I sometimes come back home, sometimes I go visit friends, go to a movie with them.
    
20. I don't eat (lunch) at the dormitory of the institute, I eat (luch) at home every day.
    
21. Every evening before going to bed, I read Chinese newspapers.
    
22. — Who are you looking for?
    — I’m looking for engineer Zhang.
    — Sorry, we don’t have anyone with the surname Zhang .
    
23. — What is the surname of that employee?
    — His surname is Wang. He works in the laboratory of our institute.
    
24. — Where is the post office?
    — The post office is on the second floor (amer.).
    
25. After work I’ll go home and rest. Tomorrow at nine o’clock I’m driving to the bank. I have a lot of things (to do).
    
26. My elder brother studies in Beijing. Sometimes he writes letters to me. I miss him very much, I want to go to Beijing to visit him.
    
27. Do you know Chinese well? May I ask you a few questions in Chinese?
    
28. After eating lunch, I go to a friend from the dining room.
    
29. Before classes I want to go to the post office for stamps.
    
30. — Do you need the black coat now?
    — No, I'll wear the white shirt. Take (lit.: use) (it), please.