39. Sentences like ‘I bought gloves in order to give them to a friend.’ 저는 친구에게 선물하려고 장갑을 샀습니다. /t͡ɕʌ̹nɯn t͡ɕʰinguege sʰʌ̹nmurharjʌ̹go ˈt͡ɕaŋgabɯɭ sassɯmnida/

The conjunction ‘(in order) to’ does not exist in Korean. Instead, the verb ending -려고/으려고 (rjʌ̹go/ɯrjʌ̹go) is used. The ending -려고 /rjʌ̹go/ is placed if the verb root ends in a vowel, -으려고 /ɯrjʌ̹go/ – if the verb root ends in a consonant.

Exercises

Additional vocabulary

장갑		glove(s)
다니다		to go somewhere for a purpose; to attend
시원하다		to be cool, refreshing
공기		air
여행		journey, trip, voyage
여행하다		to travel
한 달전부터		a month ago/in advance
계획		a plan
세우다		to set up, to establish
계획을 세우다		to plan, to make a plan
일찍		early
벌다		to earn (money)
취직하다		to find employment, to get a job

40. Sentences like ‘I went to school in order to study.’ 공부하러 학교에 갔습니다. /koŋbuharʌ̹ hakkjoe kassɯmnida/

Another form is used with verbs of motion, the ending -러/으러 (rʌ̹/ɯrʌ̹). The ending -러 /rʌ̹/ is used when the root of the verb ends in a vowel, -으러 /ɯrʌ̹/ – when the root of the verb ends in a consonant.

Exercises

Additional vocabulary

비디오		video
옷을 갈아입다		to change clothing
저녁		evening
저녁을 먹다		to dinner, to have/eat dinner
춤		a dance
춤을 추다		to dance
나이트클럽		nightclub

41. Sentences like ‘I’m going to school tomorrow.’ 내일 학교에 가겠습니다. /nɛiɭ hakkjoe kagessɯmnida/

Basically, in spoken Korean, the present form can be used as the future tense (compare ‘I’m going to school tomorrow’). The suffix -겠 /ket/ is used to express the intention to do something. It is used in this sense only in the first and second person.

Exercises

Additional vocabulary

저녁에		in the evening
-까지		until, till, by (a time), up to
다음 주에		next week
칵테일		cocktail
앞으로		from now on; hereafter
그런		like that, such

42. Sentences like ‘If he goes, I will go too.’ 그분이 가면, 저도 가겠습니다. /kɯbuni kamjʌ̹n, t͡ɕʌ̹do kagessɯmnida/

The ending -면/으면 (mjʌ̹n/ɯmjʌ̹n) replaces the conjunction ‘if’ in Korean. The ending -면 /mjʌ̹n/ is used when the verb root ends in a vowel, and -으면 /ɯmjʌ̹n/ – when the verb root ends in a consonant.

Exercises

Additional vocabulary

시계		a clock, a watch
장화		boots
좀		a little, some(what)
밖에		out, outside
배		belly, stomach
배가 고프다		to be hungry
요리		cooking, cuisine, dish
사귀다		1. to date, to go out with; 2. to make a new friend

– If the root of the verb ends in ㄷ /t/, then this sound is replaced by ㄹ /r/ before the particle -면 /mjʌ̹n/:

걷다 /kʌ̹tta/ ‘to walk’ – 걸으면 /kʌ̹rɯmjʌ̹n/

묻다 /mutta/ ‘to ask’ – 물으면 /murɯmjʌ̹n/

However, there are exceptions to this rule. In the following verbs ㄷ /t/ does not change to ㄹ /r/:

받다 ‘to get, receive, take, obtain’;

얻다 ‘to get, to receive, to obtain, to have (an object)’;

묻다 ‘to bury’;

닫다 ‘to close, to shut’;

믿다 ‘to believe, to trust’;

쏟다 ‘to pour out; to spill’

– If the verb root ends in ㅂ /p/, adding –면 /mjʌ̹n/ replaces this sound with 우 /u/:

무겁다 /mugʌ̹pta/ ‘to be heavy’ – 무거우면 /mugʌ̹umjʌ̹n/

어렵다 /ʌ̹rjʌ̹pta/ ‘to be difficult/hard’ – 어려우면 /ʌ̹rjʌ̹umen/

The most important exceptions to this rule are the verbs:

좁다 ‘to be narrow’;

입다 ‘to wear, to put on (clothes)’;

집다 ‘to pick up’;

업다 ‘to carry on the back’;

씹다 ‘to chew (on)’;

잡다 ‘to catch; to grab, to seize’.

– If the root of the verb ends in ㅅ /s/, this sound disappears before -면 /mjʌ̹n/, and 으 /ɯ/ appears instead:

짓다 /t͡ɕitta/ ‘to build’ – 지으면 /t͡ɕiɯmjʌ̹n/

붓다 /putta/ ‘to pour’ – 부으면 /puɯmjʌ̹n/

The exceptions to this rule are the verbs:

벗다 ‘to take off or remove something from one’s self’;

웃다 ‘to laugh’;

씻다 ‘to wash’;

빼앗다 ‘to strip/deprive (somebody of something)’.

43. Sentences like ‘When I was going to school, I met him.’ 학교에 갈때 그분을 만났습니다. /hakkjoe kaɭttɛ kɯbunɯɭ mannassɯmnida/

Instead of the conjunction ‘when’, Korean uses the construction: future participle + the function word - 때 /ttɛ, t͈ɛ/ ‘time, occasion’. The word -때 /ttɛ/ can also be attached directly to a noun, e.g. 휴식 시간때 /hjuɕʰik ɕʰiganttɛ/ – ‘during the break’.

Exercises

Additional vocabulary

방학		school vacation/holiday
제주도		Jeju island
돼지고기		pork
언제나		always, at all times, constantly
긴장		tension, nervousness
긴장하다		to be/become nervous, tense
즐겁다		to be pleasant, enjoyable