Lesson 8
Present, past and future participles in Korean
18. Expressions like ‘The book that I read.’ 제가 읽는 책. /t͡ɕega innɯn t͡ɕʰɛk/
Korean does not have the word ‘which’ (and ‘that’/‘who’ in this sense). Instead, the present, past and future participle forms are used. The present participle is formed by replacing the verb ending -다 (ta/da) with the ending -는 /nɯn/.
Exercises
제가 읽는 책. |
The book (that) I read. |
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민규가 찍는 사진. |
The photo that Mingyu is taking. |
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제가 산책하는 공원. |
The park I walk in. |
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그분이 가는 길. |
The path he goes. |
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바닷가에 가는 부부. |
The couple who are going to the seashore. |
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그 사람들이 먹는 피자. |
The pizza (that) they eat. |
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제 동생이 입학하는 대학교. |
The university (that) my younger brother is entering. |
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그 사람이 입는 옷. |
The clothes the person wears. |
Additional vocabulary
| 사진 | photograph, picture | |
| 사진을 찍다 | to take a photo | |
| 산책 | walk, stroll | |
| 산책하다 | to walk, to stroll | |
| 공원 | park | |
| 길 | path, way | |
| 바다 | sea | |
| 바닷가 | seashore | |
| 부부 | couple, husband and wife | |
| 피자 | pizza | |
| 동생 | younger sibling | |
| 입학하다 | to enter a university/school | |
| 입다 | to put on (clothes), to wear | |
| 옷 | clothes | |
19. Expressions like ‘The book that I(’ve) read.’ 제가 읽은 책. /t͡ɕega iɭgɯn t͡ɕʰɛk/
The past participle is formed by replacing the ending -다 (ta/da) with -은 /ɯn/, if the root of the verb ends in a consonant, and -ㄴ /n/, if the root of the verb ends in a vowel.
Exercises
|
제가 읽은 책. |
The book I(’ve) read. |
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그 사람들이 끝난 일. |
The thing they finished. |
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제 형이 졸업한 대학교. |
The university my older brother graduated from. |
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그분이 보낸 소포. |
The package he sent. |
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제 친구가 한 선물. |
The gift my friend gave me. |
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제가 사랑한 여자. |
The woman I loved. |
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책상에 놓은 핸드폰. |
The mobile phone that was placed on the desk. |
Additional vocabulary
| 끝 | end | |
| 끝나다 | to come to an end; to become finished | |
| 졸업하다 | to graduate | |
| 보내다 | to send | |
| 소포 | parcel, package, packet | |
| 선물 | gift, present | |
| 선물을 하다 | to give a gift/present | |
| 사랑하다 | to love | |
| 책상 | desk | |
| 놓다 | to lay, put, set, place | |
| 핸드폰 | mobile phone | |
20. Expressions like ‘The book that I will read.’ 제가 읽을 책. /t͡ɕega iɭgɯɭ t͡ɕʰɛk/
The future participle is formed by replacing the ending -다 (ta/da) with the ending -ㄹ /ɭ/ after a vowel and -을 /ɯɭ/ after a consonant.
Exercises
|
제가 읽을 책. |
The book I will read. |
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우리가 만날 곳. |
The place where we will meet. |
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제가 살 사전. |
The dictionary that I will buy. |
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내일 그분이 갈 출장. |
The business trip he will be going on tomorrow. |
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스페인에서 올 사람. |
The person who will come from Spain. |
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제가 바꿀 화폐. |
The currency that I will exchange. |
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그분이 팔 컴퓨터. |
The computer that he will sell. |
In verbs with a root ending in ㄹ /ɭ/, this sound disappears when the present and past participle endings are added. For example:
알다 /aɭda/ – 아는 /anɯn/ – 안 /an/
살다 /sʰaɭda/ – 사는 /sʰanɯn/ – 산 /sʰan/
The future participle form of these verbs is the same as the root:
알다 /aɭda/ – 알 /aɭ/
살다 /sʰaɭda/ – 살 /sʰaɭ/
Additional vocabulary
| 곳 | place | |
| 사전 | dictionary | |
| 출장 | business trip | |
| 스페인 | Spain | |
| 바꾸다 | to change | |
| 화폐 | currency; money | |
| 컴퓨터 | computer | |
