Lección 54
Pretérito Perfecto de Subjuntivo
Que no se entere nadie (continuación)
Vocablos
preocuparse | to worry | |
sin | without | |
sin ti | without you | |
suponer | to suppose, to guess, to assume | |
la | chocolatería | chocolate shop/factory |
indagar | to investigate, to enquire, to inquire | |
junto(s) | together, along | |
conocido, -a | (well-)known, famous | |
la | solapa | lapel (in jackets) |
el | zapato | shoe |
el | charol | lacquer; patent leather |
imposible | impossible | |
el | fútbol | soccer, football |
el | partido | game, match (sports) |
odiar | to hate | |
el | palco | box (sports, theater) |
el | cinematógrafo | cinema, movie theater |
el | número | number |
la | taquilla | box/ticket office |
inaceptable | unacceptable | |
estropear | to damage, to break; to ruin, to spoil | |
la | vista | view, sight, eyesight |
el | correo | mail, post (here: mail train) |
apearse | to get off | |
la | estación | station |
desierto, -a | desert; deserted | |
jamás | never | |
el | farmacéutico | pharmacist |
la | isla | island |
la | incongruencia | inconsistency, incongruence, contradiction |
encantadoramente | charmingly; delightfully | |
femenino, -a | female, feminine | |
alquilar | to rent | |
el | saloncito | small room, boudoir, parlour |
honorable | honorable | |
contar con | to count on, to rely on | |
digno, -a | worthy, worth | |
alguna vez | sometime | |
personalmente | personally | |
la | fama | fame, reputation |
soltero, -a | single (person) | |
frágil | fragile | |
¡por Dios! | for God’s sake | |
apresurarse | to hurry (up) | |
buscar | to look for, to seek | |
aristocrático, -a | aristocratic | |
solitario, -a | solitary, lonely |
Notes
The meaning of words and expressions:
María entra corriendo.
Maria runs in / comes/enters running in.
entrar corriendo
to run in (somewhere)
salir corriendo
to run out (of a place)
the usage of the word
junto
Trabajo junto con Juan.
I work together with Juan.
Trabajamos juntos.
We work together.
Junto together, along, when it is used with the preposition con, functions as an adverb that does not change. Junto without the preposition is used as an adjective and agrees with a noun in gender and number:
María y Juana han ido juntas a la tienda.
Maria and Juana have gone to the store together.
José y Juan estudian juntos.
Jose and Juan study together.
Trabajan juntos
They work together
Junto, used in singular number, may also have the meaning: combined, joined, and in a combination with the preposition a means close to; near; next to; beside, e.g.:
La casa está junto al río
The house is next to the river.
Grammar points
1. Present Perfect of the Conjunctive Mood (pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo)
No es posible que José haya comenzado la lectura ...
It’s not possible that Jose has started the reading ...
Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo expresses a completed action. It is used where similar sentences with the present perfect of the indicative mood with real conditions would be used, e.g.:
María dice que José ha comenzado la lectura.
Maria says that Jose has started the reading.
María no cree que José haya comenzado la lectura.
Maria does not believe that Jose has started the reading.
The 1st sentence expresses a confirmation: „Maria says...” that the action can be performed, that is why pretérito perfecto of the indicative mood is used in the subordinate clause. The 2nd sentence expresses a doubt: „Maria does not believe...” — that is why pretérito perfecto of the conjunctive mood is used in the subordinate clause.
Subordinate clauses of pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo usually start with the conjunction que; the conjunction si with pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo is not used.
Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo is formed with the auxiliary verb haber in subjuntivo of the present tense and the passive participle of the conjugated verb.
The verb haber in presente de subjuntivo is conjugated the following way:
(que) haya, hayas, haya, hayamos, hayáis, hayan
The conjugation I, II, III of regular verbs in Present Perfect of the Conjunctive Mood:
Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo
conjugation I | ||||
tomar — to take | ||||
(que) | haya | tomado | me to have taken | |
hayas | you to have taken | |||
haya | him to have taken | |||
hayamos | us to have taken | |||
hayáis | you to have taken | |||
hayan | them to have taken |
conjugation II | ||||
comer — to eat | ||||
(que) | haya | comido | me to have eaten | |
hayas | you to have eaten | |||
haya | him to have eaten | |||
hayamos | us to have eaten | |||
hayáis | you to have eaten | |||
hayan | them to have eaten |
conjugation III | ||||
partir — to divide, to cut, to split | ||||
(que) | haya | partido | me to have split | |
hayas | you to have split | |||
haya | him to have split | |||
hayamos | us to have split | |||
hayáis | you to have split | |||
hayan | them to have split |
The verbs that have pariciples with some deviations are conjugated the same way, e.g.:
hacer to do, to make:
que haya hecho that I have done (me to have done)
poner to put:
que haya puesto that I have put (me to have put)
Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo also expresses an assumed, desired or a possible action that precedes another action in the future. It is used the same way as the future perfect of the indicative mood (futuro perfecto de indicativo), e.g.:
María habrá llegado cuando yo regrese.
Maria will have come when I return.
No creo que María haya llegado cuando yo regrese.
I don’t believe Maria will have come when I return.
2. The conjugation of the verb coger
The verb coger in some tenses is conjugated with some deviations. According to the phonetic rules, g is substituted with j, e.g.:
coger — to take, to grab, to get | ||||
Presente de indicativo | ||||
1. | cojo | I take | cogemos | we take |
2. | coges | you take | cogéis | you take |
3. | coge | he takes | cogen | they take |
Presente de subjuntivo |
(que) | coja | me to take | |
cojas | you to take | ||
coja | him to take | ||
cojamos | us to take | ||
cojáis | you to take | ||
cojan | them to take |
In all the other tenses, the verb coger is conjugated without deviations.
3. Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo of the reflexive verb lavarse
Pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo | ||||
lavarse — to wash (oneself) | ||||
(que) | yo me haya | lavado | me to have washed | |
tú te hayas | you to have washed | |||
él se haya | him to have washed | |||
nosotros nos hayamos | us to have washed | |||
vosotros os hayáis | you to have washed | |||
ellos se hayan | them to have washed |
Exercises
I. Conjugate the verbs given below in pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo:
indagar
(to investigate)
contar
(to tell)
apearse
(to get off)
que
yo
Vd.
nosotros
vosotros
Vds.
ellos
tú
II. Put the verbs given in brackets in the correct form according to the example: in sentence 1, use present perfect of the indicative mood; in sentence 2, use pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo.
Example:
1. Yo he preguntado esto a Juan.
2. No es posible que yo haya preguntado esto.
Juan (comprar) un sombrero. — No creo que Juan (comprar) este sombrero.
Mariano (alquilar) un saloncito. — Es imposible que Mariano (alquilar) este saloncito.
Asunción lo (pedir) a Mariano. — No creo que Asunción lo (pedir) a Mariano.
Asunción lo (escribir) en una carta. — Es imposible que Asunción lo (escribir) en una carta.
Ellos (apearse) en T. — No pienso que ellos (apearse) en T.
III. Repeat the sentences in the corresponding tense using the given constructions:
Juan y Juana se habrán casado, cuando llegue Miguel otra vez.
Miguel habrá visto mucho, cuando regrese a Moscú.
Habremos leído todo el cuento, cuando llegue María.
Usted habrá visitado todo el país, cuando venga nuestro amigo.
IV. Translate into English:
Miguel nos invita a que le visitemos en Moscú. — Cuando nos casemos, iremos a Moscú — dice Juana. — Sí, todos iremos a Moscú — dice Carmen. — No creo que Miguel nos haya invitado a todos. — ¿Dónde están José y María? Ya debían estar aquí. — Han ido a pasear. — Es imposible que hayan ido a pasear. Hemos decidido encontrarnos aquí a las tres. — Son las dos. Es posible que a las tres hayan regresado ya.
V. Translate into Spanish using perfect tenses:
Mariano asks Asuncion: — Have you been to the Hawaiian Islands? — I have never been there. — Impossible that you have not been there. — Have you already bought the book you had promised me? — Do you think it is possible that I have forgotten to buy it? — Have you already read this book? — Yes, and I’m sorry we haven’t read it together, we could discuss it now.