Lección 43
Relative Pronoun el cual. Usage of Preposition Por. Irregular Verbs: sentir, soltar, poner, vestirse
Miguel lee
Vocablos
recibir | to receive, to get | |
el | regalo | gift, present |
entre | among, between | |
vestirse | to get dressed, to put on | |
cubrirse | to put on one’s hat | |
allí | there; (de allí) — from/of there | |
trasladarse | to move, to relocate | |
el | establo | stable, barn, cowshed |
mugir | to moo | |
débilmente | weakly, faintly | |
lo cual | which (see lesson 42) | |
poner | to put | |
el | sobresalto | fright |
negarse | to refuse | |
el | brazo | arm |
acercar | to move/bring closer | |
llevar | to get on, to handle, to bear | |
confesar | to confess, to admit | |
poquito | a little bit; (potito is a lisping version of poquito, pronounced by a child here) | |
el | miedo | fear, scare |
el | carnero | ram |
declarar | to declare, to state | |
temer | to fear, to be afraid of | |
jamás | never | |
sentir | to feel | |
el | amor | love |
la | veneración | veneration, worship |
el | departamento | department, compartment |
la | oveja | sheep |
avanzar | to advance, to move forward | |
retirar | to take away/back, to remove, to withdraw | |
manifestar | to express, to declare, to state, to show, to demonstrate | |
el | cambio | change |
el | gallo | rooster |
tratar | to treat | |
la | confianza | confidence, trust |
el | gallinero | henhouse, coop |
la | bravura | bravery |
el | rabo | tail |
formalmente | formally | |
grave | grave, serious | |
el | sultán | sultan |
chillar | to shriek, to scream | |
tal | such | |
horrísono, -a | horrisonous, horrifying, sounding dreadfully (poetry) | |
la | manera | manner, way |
la | muerte | death |
penetrar | to penetrate | |
apresurarse | to hurry (up) | |
soltar | to let out, to let go of | |
agarrar | to grab, to grasp | |
el | cuello | neck |
Notes
The meaning of words and expressions
volver а + infinitive
volvió del trabajo
he returned from work
The construction volver а + infinitive is used to express the repetition of an action, e.g.:
vuelvo a leer
I read again
volví а leer
I read again
volveré a leer
I will read again
Learn the expressions:
no llevarlas todas consigo
to not get it all together, to be not sure of oneself
tener miedo
to be afraid
en cambio
instead, on the other hand, conversely
no tener inconveniente en
do not mind, to have no problem with, to have no objection to
el frío de la muerte
the cold/chill of death
Grammar points
1. The relative pronoun cual
The relative pronoun cual is used after a noun and, as a rule, with the definite article — el cual, la cual, los cuales, las cuales — that, those, who(m), which. It agrees with the corresponding noun in number and gender. This pronoun is a synonym of the pronoun el que (see lesson 24), but is used less frequently than el que (both are not very common in speech, but are much more so in written Spanish). For example:
El libro del cual hablas es mió.
The book that you are talking about is mine.
Tiene muchos cuadros, gran parte de los cuales compró en España.
He has many paintings, most of which he bought in Spain.
The pronoun el cual is also used after the prepositions por, sin, tras, e.g.:
por el cual
by/for/through which
sin la cual
without whom
tras los cuales
after which
The pronoun el cual is usually used to avoid misunderstandings that may happen when the noun that is modified by the relative pronoun doesn’t go directly before the pronoun, e.g.:
He encontrado al padre de Juana, el cual estaba muy preocupado.
I met Juana’s father, who was very worried.
If there were the pronoun quien instead of the pronoun el cual, we wouldn’t know for sure who was worried: Juana or her father.
In an interrogative sentence, ¿cuál? is an interrogative pronoun that is used independently without the article with the accent mark and is translated as what? which?, e.g.:
¿Cuál de estos lápices es el tuyo?
Which of these pencils is yours?
The neutral form lo cual the same as lo que substitutes the whole clause and, in this case, is translated as which, e.g.:
Encontré a Juana, lo cual* me alegró mucho.
I met Juana, which made me very happy.
* cual without the article functions as an adverb and substitutes in this case: como, igual que — as, like, for example: el gallo chilló cual una fiera — the rooster shrieked like a wild beast.
2. Usage of the preposition por
por ellos
for them
por el rabo
by the tail
por último
finally
The preposition por is used to express different relations.
The preposition por is mostly used in the following cases:
a) to express the adverbial modifier of cause (answering the question: why?)
lo sé por experiencia
I know it from experience
lo hizo por vanidad
he did it for/out of vanity
b) to express the adverbial modifier of purpose (answering the question: what for?)
voy por pan
I’m going for bread
fue por los libros
he went for the books
lo dice por decir algo
he says it in order to say something
c) to express the adverbial modifier of manner (question: how? in what way?)
por fuerza
by force
por orden alfabético
in alphabetical order
d) to express the adverbial modifier of place indicating space after the verbs of movement, is translated as: along, through, down
voy por la calle
I go down/along the street
paseo por la calle
I walk down/along the street
paso por la calle
I pass through the street
e) to express the adverbial modifier of time, answering the question: when?
por la mañana
por la mañana
por la tarde
in the afternoon/evening
por la noche
in the evening/at night
f) указывая на замену, замещение одного предмета или лица другим
tomaron a Juana por maestra
took Juana to be a teacher/mistook Juana for a teacher
Ramírez pasa por rico
Ramirez passes for/as rich
el marinero tiene el mar por patria
the sailor has sea for homeland
g) to indicate price, value.
compré este libro por 5 pesetas
I bought this book for 5 pesetas
3. The conjugation of the irregular verbs: sentir, soltar, poner, vestirse in the indicative mood
Presente | ||||
sentir — to feel | ||||
singular | plural | |||
1. | siento | I feel | sentimos | we feel |
2. | sientes | you feel | sentís | you feel |
3. | siente | he feels | sienten | they feel |
soltar — to let out, to let go of | ||||
singular | plural | |||
1. | suelto | I let out | soltamos | we let out |
2. | sueltas | you let out | soltáis | you let out |
3. | suelta | he lets out | sueltan | they let out |
poner — to put | ||||
singular | plural | |||
1. | pongo | I put | ponemos | we put |
2. | pones | you put | ponéis | you put |
3. | pone | he puts | ponen | they put |
vestirse — to get dressed, to put on | ||||
singular | plural | |||
1. | me visto | I get dressed | nos vestimos | we get dressed |
2. | te vistes | you get dressed | os vestís | you get dressed |
3. | se viste | he gets dressed | se visten | they get dressed |
The irregular verbs sentir and vestirse belong to group I of deviating conjugation (see comenzar). The irregular verb soltar belongs to group II of deviating conjugation (see contar). The verb poner is an irregular verb of individual conjugation.
Pretérito simple | ||||
sentir — to feel | ||||
singular | plural | |||
1. | sentí | I felt | sentimos | we felt |
2. | sentiste | you felt | sentisteis | you felt |
3. | sintió | he felt | sintieron | they felt |
soltar — to let out, to let go of | ||||
singular | plural | |||
1. | solté | I let out | soltamos | we let out |
2. | soltaste | you let out | soltasteis | you let out |
3. | soltó | he let out | soltaron | they let out |
poner — to put | ||||
singular | plural | |||
1. | puse | I put | pusimos | we put |
2. | pusiste | you put | pusisteis | you put |
3. | puso | he put | pusieron | they put |
vestirse — to get dressed, to put on | ||||
singular | plural | |||
1. | me vestí | I got dressed | nos vestimos | we got dressed |
2. | te vestiste | you got dressed | os vestisteis | you got dressed |
3. | se vistió | he got dressed | se vistieron | they got dressed |
Gerundio | ||||
sintiendo | feeling | soltando | letting out | |
poniendo | putting | vistiendo | getting dressed | |
Imperativo | ||||
¡siente! | feel! | ¡suelta! | let out! | |
¡sentid! | feel! | ¡soltad! | let out! | |
¡pon! | put! | ¡vistete! | get dressed! | |
¡poned! | put! | ¡vestíos! | get dressed! |
In all the other tenses of the indicative mood, the above mentioned verbs are conjugated without deviations, except for the verb poner that has the following deviation in pretérito compuesto:
poner to put: | ||
he puesto | I have put | |
has puesto | you have put etc. |
Примечание:
acercóle su padre
His father approached him
apresuróse
hurried
In general, the unstressed forms of personal pronouns are used before a verb (except for infinitive verbs, gerundio and the affirmative form of the imperative mood) — (compare with lesson 24). In literature, however, you can come across the usage of pronouns after verbs written in one word. It happens when the verb goes at the beginning of the sentence. Nowadays it is not used.
Exercises
I. Fill in the relative pronoun in the correct form and number:
Chucho entró en el establo con su padre, sin tenía miedo de entrar. Chucho se acercó a las gallinas, tras estaba el gallo. El gallo chilló de manera horrísona, lo puso en sobresalto a Chucho. ¿ de esas vacas da más leche? El cuento me hablaste es muy interesante.
II. Translate the words given in brackets with the preposition por:
(In the morning) cuando iba (for) el pan y el periódico, vi un libro en el quiosco y lo compré (for) una peseta. En casa vi que el libro no era interesante, pero lo leí (to) leer algo. (In the afternoon) paseé (along) la calle con mi perro. Un chico lo agarró (by) el rabo y el perro chilló.
III. Rewrite the text below using the verbs in the present tense:
No me sentía bien. Me levanté, me vestí, me puse el sombrero y fui con mi perro al parque. En el parque solté el perro, que comenzó a correr y yo mismo comencé a leer mi periódico. Pasó una hora, me sentí mejor y regresé a casa.
IV. Translate into English:
Mi hijo tiene un libro. En este libro hay muchos dibujos y cuentos, cuentos sobre animales, como vacas, carneros, ovejas y sobre gallos y gallinas. Mi hijo es pequeño y siempre pregunta algo: ¿Qué nos da la vaca? La vaca nos da leche y carne y muchas cosas más. ¿Y la gallina? La gallina también nos da carne muy buena y huevos. Mi hijo come un huevo todas las mañanas, yo como dos pasados por agua. Mi hijo siente mucha veneración para los gallos, pero les tiene miedo, porque éstos chillan y no teme a las vacas. Dice que las vacas son buenas, pero se acerca a ellas sólo cuando está con su papá.
V. Translate into Spanish:
Mr. F. got dressed and went for a walk with his son. He promised to show him sheep and cows. When they approached the cow afterwards and it mooed the boy grabbed his father by the neck and did not want to get out of his arms anymore. They had to return home. During breakfast the boy drank milk and his father was telling him tales about animals and promised to buy him a book with drawings of different animals.